Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety

Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety states that a system must match the complexity of its environment in order to remain stable and effective. When rules or controls fail to keep pace with external variety, systems become brittle and collapse.

Cognitive Load Theory: Why Working Memory Limits Matter

Cognitive Load Theory explains how limits on working memory shape learning and performance. When systems ignore these limits, they create wasted effort, poor retention, and user frustration. Designing with load in mind enables clarity, efficiency, and better outcomes.