Merton’s Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: How Beliefs Create Reality

Merton’s Self-Fulfilling Prophecy explains how expectations shape behaviour in ways that make those expectations come true. Once a belief takes hold — whether accurate or not — it triggers actions that reinforce the original assumption, sustaining cycles of trust or mistrust within institutions and culture.

Automation Bias: The Hidden Risk of Over-Trusting AI

Automation bias is the human tendency to over-trust automated systems, overlooking contradictory information even when it is correct. In today’s AI-driven environments, this bias plays out when people treat algorithmic outputs as more objective than human judgment.

Goodhart’s Law: When Metrics Become Targets

Goodhart’s Law shows how targets distort the very systems they aim to improve. When institutions chase numbers, they optimise appearances rather than outcomes, leaving users trapped in cycles of dysfunctional incentives.